Proteomic analysis of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) induced by compatible and incompatible interactions of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) in Capsicum chinense L3 plants

Resistance conferred by the L³ gene is active against most ofthe tobamoviruses, including the Spanish strain (PMMoV-S), aP_1,2 pathotype, but not against certain strains of pepper mildmottle virus (PMMoV), termed P_1,2,3 pathotype, such as the Italianstrain (PMMoV-I). Both viruses are nearly identical at theirnucleotide sequence level (98%) and were used to challenge Capsicumchinense PI159236 plants harbouring the L³ gene in order tocarry out a comparative proteomic analysis of PR proteins inducedin this host in response to infection by either PMMoV-S or PMMoV-I.PMMoV-S induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in C. chinensePI159236 plant leaves with the formation of necrotic local lesionsand restriction of the virus at the primary infection sites.In this paper, C. chinense PR protein isoforms belonging tothe PR-1, β-1,3-glucanases (PR-2), chitinases (PR-3), osmotin-likeprotein (PR-5), peroxidases (PR-9), germin-like protein (PR-16),and PRp27 (PR-17) have been identified. Three of these PR proteinisoforms were specifically induced during PMMoV-S-activationof C. chinense L³ gene-mediated resistance: an acidic β-1,3-glucanaseisoform (PR-2) (M_r 44.6; pI 5.1), an osmotin-like protein (PR-5)(M_r 26.8; pI 7.5), and a basic PR-1 protein isoform (M_r 18;pI 9.4–10.0). In addition, evidence is presented for adifferential accumulation of C. chinense PR proteins and mRNAsin the compatible (PMMoV-I)–C. chinense and incompatible(PMMoV-S)–C. chinense interactions for proteins belongingto all PR proteins detected. Except for an acidic chitinase(PR-3) (M_r 30.2; pI 5.0), an earlier and higher accumulationof PR proteins and mRNAs was detected in plants associated withHR induction. Furthermore, the accumulation rates of PR proteinsand mRNA did not correlate with maximal accumulation levelsof viral RNA, thus indicating that PR protein expression mayreflect the physiological status of the plant. Key words: Capsicum chinense, compatible interaction, incompatible interaction, HR-induction, PMMoV, PR proteins Received 5 December 2007; Revised 21 January 2008 Accepted 22 January 2008     

LmAPX基因在大肠杆菌和酵母菌中的表达研究

目的：研究枸杞抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（ascorbate peroxidase,LmAPX）在原核中的表达和酶学特性以及在酵母菌中的抗氧化能力,为进一步研究逆境诱导的抗氧化胁迫的作用机理奠定理论基础。方法：将LmAPX转入大肠杆菌BL21中进行异源表达,采用 Ni²⁺亲和层析,纯化重组蛋白,并对不同温度和pH值下的酶活进行研究,Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法测定该酶的Km和Vmax值。将LmAPX转入酵母菌株W303中进行H₂O₂和NaCl氧化胁迫处理。结果：该酶的最适温度和最适pH值分别为40℃和6.5。当抗坏血酸（Ascorbic acid,AsA）浓度过量时,对H₂O₂的Km和Vmax分别是0.17±0.02 mmol/L和11.78±1.88 mmol/min·mg;当H₂O₂浓度过量时,对AsA的Km和Vmax分别是2.19±0.40 mmol/L和58.82±3.51 mmol/min·mg。含有LmAPX基因的酵母菌株,在半乳糖的诱导下在8 mmol/L H₂O₂和100 mmol/L NaCl的培养基上的生长都明显优于对照组。结论：LmAPX蛋白具有很好的抗氧化性和耐盐性。     

北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响

利用常规石蜡制片技术对北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响进行了观察。结果表明北柴胡胚的发育属于茄型,基细胞进行一次横分裂后不再分裂,因而胚柄不发达,且很早解体。胚乳的发育属于核型,初生胚孔核的分裂远远早于受精卵的分裂。对果实采收时期胚发育状况进行统计发现,在被测采收期果实中有20％的果实的胚处于球形胚阶段,70％处于心形胚,只有10％处于鱼雷胚,说明北柴胡种子采收时胚处于不同的发育阶段,存在形态后熟现象,这是北柴胡种子萌发难、萌发率低且出苗不整齐的主要因素。     

北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响

利用常规石蜡制片技术对北柴胡胚和胚乳的发育及对其种子萌发的影响进行了观察。结果表明北柴胡胚的发育属于茄型,基细胞进行一次横分裂后不再分裂,因而胚柄不发达,且很早解体。胚乳的发育属于核型,初生胚孔核的分裂远远早于受精卵的分裂。对果实采收时期胚发育状况进行统计发现,在被测采收期果实中有20%的果实的胚处于球形胚阶段,70%处于心形胚,只有10% 处于鱼雷胚,说明北柴胡种子采收时胚处于不同的发育阶段,存在形态后熟现象,这是北柴胡种子萌发难、萌发率低且出苗不整齐的主要因素。     

Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) by Chinese herbal medicines

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines accompaned by the release of H2O2. Two subtypes, MAO-A and MAO-B, exist on the basis of their specificities to substrates and inhibitors. The regulation of MAO-B activity is important in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Twenty-seven species of plants used in traditional Chinese medicines, selected from an enthnobotanical survey, were used in an investigation of their inhibitory effect on MAO-B in rat brain homogenates. The 50% aqueous methanol extracts of four active extracts, Arisaema amurense, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lycium chinense, and Uncaria rhynchophylla, exhibited the best activity and selectivity towards MAO-B with IC50 values of 0.44, 0.29, 0.40, and 0.03 mg/ml, respectively. A kinetic study of MAO-B inhibition by the four extracts using the Lineweaver-Burk plot for each active extract revealed the IC50 concentrations, and results show that: Ki = 0.59 mg/ml for A. amurense for the mixed-type mode, Ki = 0.58 mg/ml for L. brownii var. colchesteri for the mixed-type mode, Ki = 5.01 mg/ml for L. chinense for the uncompetitive mode, and Ki = 0.02 mg/ml for U. rhynchophylla for the uncompetitive mode. These may therefore be candidates for use in delaying the progressive degeneration caused by neurological diseases.     

Contrast Study About Litter Dynamics of Main Communities in Aneurolepidium chinense Grassland Region in Northeast of China

The standing death rate of main communities in Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag. grassland increased slowly in 5–8 months. After August, the standing death rate greatly quickened because the changes of ecological environment limited the growth of plants. The maximum standing death rate of A. chinense and Calamagrostis epigejos(L.) Roth-weed communities was in October and that of Puccinella tenuiflora (Griseb). Scrihn. et Merr. and Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge communities was in September. The seasonal changes of litter weight followed the index law. The communities in the order of litter weight were: C. epigejos-weed community. A. chinense community>P. tenuiflora community>S. glauca community. There was a positive relationship between aboveground standing crop and litter before August, and a negative relationship after August.     

An Analysis of Seasonal Variation of Vegetative Propagation and the Relationships Between Biomass and Population Density of Aneurolepidium chinense in Songnen Plain of China

Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag. is a perennial rhizome grass with fertile vegetative propagation. According to the field-investigation at fixed locations in fixed period, the seasonal change of vegetative propagation of A. chinense population and the autopopulation were specifically analysed. The results showed that both A. chinense population and the autopopulation could continuously make vegetative propagation in the entire growh season. The vegetative propagation brought more potential into play in the autopopulation of planting tillering than in the autopopulation of planting seedling, and the dynamics conformed to the Logistic curve growth for every experimental autopopulation in the planting growth season. The vegetative propagation of the population and the autopopulation was more seriously affected by the sexual development and the growth. The plant size was rigorously restricted by the population density, and the change of regularity followed–0.6699 power between mean weight per plant and the population density in the period of maximum biomass in the natural cutting grassland. The comprehensive analysis showed that A. chinense population depended on vegetative propagation and the population regeneration of the self-regulation, but the population hadnt far reached the most density which could be accommodated by standing conditions in the natural cutting grassland in the Songnen Plain of China.     

东北羊草草地钙、镁含量特征的研究

本文探讨了东北羊草草地割草场的钙、镁含量特征。研究结果表明：羊草群落中,植物根的钙、镁含量最高,季节变化规律是在生长旺季较高。羊草地上部分钙、镁积累量的季节变化曲线基本为S型,寸草苔和针蔺为双峰型。群落地下部分钙、镁积累量分别占群落总积累量的97.13%和92.08%。群落中钙、镁积累量仅占根层土壤钙、镁贮量的0.05%和0.03%,占根层土壤交换性和水溶性钙、镁贮量之和的52.2%和14.62%。植物各器宫中钙含量和积累量均大于镁。     

Effect of Climatic Factors on the Yield of Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Keng Community

According to the yield of Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Keng community and climatic variations from 1978 to 1990, the relationship between the yield and climatic factors was probed by correlation analysis. The results showed that the correlation degrees of Σ7—8 months' precipitation, Σ6--8 months' precipitation/Σ6--8 months' temperature and Σ4—7 months' sunshine in relation to the yield were 0.47, O. 41 and 0. 35 respectively and the correlation was in the order of 0.47>0. 41>0. 35. Water was the main limiting factor affecting the community yield. The effect of interation of water and heat factors on the yield was also extremely remakable. The yield of A. chinense community was simulated by using multiple regression equations and periodic variance analysis, reaching a simulated rate over 90%.     

中国鹅掌楸传粉生物学研究

对中国鹅掌楸（Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）的不育现象已有了许多的研究。与自然传粉和杂交控制传粉相比,自花传粉常常导致较低的结实率。经过传粉以后,仅落在柱头上的花粉才有可能得到正常发育,并对植物的结实率产生影响。研究结果表明：中国鹅掌楸不同花期开放的各个花朵,所接收到的花粉量是不一致的,在中期开放的花朵接收花粉量较多。在多数情况下,花的下部位柱头接收了较多的花粉,中部位的柱头次之,而上部位接收的花粉较少。通过比较分析,认为有必要对落在柱头上的花粉来源和花粉纯度及这些指标与结实率之间的关系做进一步研究。